A guide to Z-score-based methods, with illustrations from biological data sets

Geoffroy Berthelot^1,2*, Brigitte Gelein³, Éric Meinadier⁴, Emmanuel Orhant⁵, Jérôme Dedecker⁶

¹Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d’Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance), France
²Research Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Studies (RELAIS), France
³Institut de recherche mathématique de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6625, ENSAI, France
⁴Medical Department, French Federation of Cycling, France
⁵Clairefontaine Medical Centre, French Football Federation (FFF), France
⁶CNRS, UMR 8145, Université Paris Cité, France